The transition of carbon footprints compatible with at most 1.5°C warming – less than 1 metric ton CO₂eq per person by 2050 – will undoubtedly require significant behaviour changes for all societal groups: changes that affect people’s consumption habits, and which impacts are likely to be experienced unevenly by consumers. Failing to account for these differences puts at risk the prospects of a just transition. This is even more important now as both energy and food prices increase, putting more pressure on households but at the same time giving the opportunity for behavioural changes.

“The study also finds that collectively, Swedes at a relatively higher risk of poverty and social exclusion are responsible for approximately 41% of consumption-based emissions,” says SEI Research Fellow Maria Xylia. “This group are the ones with the highest emissions per capita from car use, possibly due to lack of alternatives, such as access to public transportation, as well as their more rural geographic location.”

This study has identified numerous policy measures that are either existing or possible to adopt in a low-carbon transition. The assessment of carbon footprint variations across various socioeconomic groups helps identify specific footprint components where most targeted policy measures are needed.

• Food policies at the overarching national level and across all social groups would be more effective in addressing food consumption emissions. This is because food emissions are relatively homogeneous across Sweden’s society.
• For car travel, more targeted low-carbon and transitional assistance policies at the municipality level may be necessary. This is because this emission category is more linked to sociodemographic status and geographic location.

“The responsibility for reducing those footprints should not rest solely on the consumers,” says SEI Research Fellow Elena Dawkins. “Instead, policymakers should take account of the material, economic, social, and cultural factors that influence consumption and work to ensure that they are aligned to support low-carbon consumption.”