December 13, 2023 /3BL/ - Malnutrition treatment works—it saves lives and helps 90% of children regain their strength in about six weeks. But what happens after those children recover?

A new study released today from Action Against Hunger, a nonprofit leader in the global movement to end hunger, shows that a significant percentage of children successfully treated for severe acute malnutrition are vulnerable to relapse, providing valuable new insights that could save lives by improving the long-term impact of threadbare aid budgets. Globally, 47 million children are acutely malnourished, but prior to this study, little was known about their prognosis after treatment is complete.

This first-of-its-kind study tracked outcomes of children treated for severe acute malnutrition (SAM), a life-threatening form of hunger, across three different countries: Mali, Somalia and South Sudan. It monitored their progress for six months after treatment and compared it to their otherwise healthy peers.

“Each year, we treat millions of children for malnutrition, and most of the time, they make a full recovery. Yet, we have long wanted to know what happens after they leave our treatment centers,” said Heather Stobaugh, PhD., a Senior Research and Learning Specialist at Action Against Hunger and the principal investigator of this study.

“We found that children recovering from malnutrition are extremely vulnerable and tend to be smaller, thinner, and shorter than their peers who have not been malnourished. Practitioners can realistically expect a large proportion of recovered SAM children to relapse, as high as 30-50% in some rural and resource-limited settings.”

Key study findings include:

“After we provide medical treatment, children who have recovered from malnutrition still need continuous monitoring and support to prevent them from falling back into a malnourished state,” says Sarah King, a Nutritional Epidemiologist with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Humanitarian Health team who led the implementation of the study in the three countries.

“Sustained recovery from malnutrition requires access to affordable, high-quality food. Also, relapse seems to be significantly influenced by local availability of other services such as access to healthcare, clean water, and cash transfers, as well as family and other community-level support. This is a testament to the importance of multi-sectoral interventions after medical intervention to successfully save lives.”

“There is still a lot we do not know, and as a next step, we hope to secure funding for future research that tests new approaches to ensure that children sustain their recovery and can thrive in childhood,” Stobaugh said. “With a global hunger funding gap of 53 percent, we need evidence-based ways to make aid budgets stretch farther and act as efficiently as possible. Ideally, we need solutions that don’t involve re-treating the same children over and over again.”

The research spanned different types of treatment centers run by government health agencies, nonprofit humanitarian groups such as Action Against Hunger, and a hybrid model where a nongovernmental organization (NGO) helps to build government capacity. To collect the data, full-time research staff from Action Against Hunger were hired and trained to measure children, conduct surveys, collect samples, and more, building their own capacity to go on to work in further research projects.

“While it is too early to make definitive recommendations on proven interventions that reduce relapse, we hope that new evidence will translate into more effective programs,” Stobaugh said. “These findings suggest that assistance programs should be targeted toward children who were previously severely malnourished, and that additional focus should be placed on rural contexts with lower access to community and social services. We also need resources to test new interventions that could help prevent relapse.”

The study was released shortly after the World Health Organization (WHO) issued updated guidelines for managing acute malnutrition in childhood. While the WHO acknowledged the importance of so-called “post-exit” outcomes, its new guidelines provide relatively little information on the topic, highlighting the need for this type of research and further studies on the important issue.

“Ultimately, we hope this kind of research will help the WHO to better define relapse after initial recovery from malnutrition and to set targets for humanitarian organizations and governments alike,” Stobaugh said. “Today, the humanitarian and health sectors have an accepted target for at least 75% of treated children to recover from malnutrition. We should have similar goals for an annual reduction in the number of children who relapse once treatment is complete.”

Funded by USAID’s Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance, the study was co-authored by individuals from Action Against Hunger, CDC, the London School of Tropical Medicine, and Washington University of St. Louis. The findings also will be presented at the Research Dissemination Event in Washington, D.C., on December 15th, 2023, providing an opportunity to further explore the data and potential next steps.

About Action Against Hunger

Action Against Hunger leads the global movement to end hunger. We innovate solutions, advocate for change, and reach 28 million people every year with proven hunger prevention and treatment programs. As a nonprofit that works across 55 countries, our 8,900 dedicated staff members partner with communities to address the root causes of hunger, including climate change, conflict, inequity, and emergencies. We strive to create a world free from hunger, for everyone, for good.

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